The Effect of drug on Metabolism

Keywords: Livestock, animals, feed, feed additives, drug, metabolism, composition. Currently, cattle are under human control and live in conditions far removed from their natural habitat, receiving forced feeding provided by farmers. As a result, livestock and poultry must satisfy their nutritional needs through the feed they consume. For the past 300 years, and especially in the last 30–40 years, all specialists, including zootechnicians and veterinarians, have been developing feeding systems for livestock based on age, weight, characteristics, and physiological conditions. Their needs have been met through balanced feeding.

The Impact of Nutrition on Animal Productivity

The primary factor in realizing and enhancing the productive potential of farm animals is nutrition. Diets should be formulated based on scientifically proven recommendations, including essential nutrients, additives, and safe, tested drugs that improve metabolism in the body.

It is well known that an animal’s feeding system plays a crucial role in metabolism and can be adjusted by humans as needed.

The level of feeding, the methods of providing feed, and the inclusion of various metabolism-supporting drugs in the diet positively influence the early stages of metabolic processes, allowing for the management of complex physiological and biochemical processes occurring in nature.

Under these conditions, livestock receive the necessary nutrients according to their needs, ensuring proper metabolic control.

The Role of the Digestive System in Nutrient Absorption

It is known that the feed consumed by animals does not directly provide nutrition to the body. The entire digestion process takes place in the gastrointestinal tract, where the feed undergoes various stages of fermentation. All assimilated nutrients contribute to forming the animal’s final products.

The gastrointestinal system of livestock is the “king” of digestion because two-thirds of all incoming energy and protein are processed there. This is achieved through complex fermentation processes of nutrients.

Different types of feed ferment at different speeds and durations, significantly impacting the function of the gastrointestinal system.

Protein as a Key Nutrient Component

Among nutrients, proteins hold a special place. Modern feeding norms recommend that each energy unit of the diet contains 90–115 g of digestible protein.

Typically, in the diet of cattle, the protein content in dry matter is 12–16%, for pigs – 16–20%, and for sheep and goats – 12–18%. [1-3].

In nature, proteins exist as chains of high-molecular organic peptides consisting of amino acids. To date, science has identified 20 amino acids, which, when combined, form different protein structures with unique properties.

Protein deficiency is usually caused by improper feeding, diseases, parasites, and infections. This leads to anemia, loss of muscle mass, impaired bone development, and a shortage of essential nutrients.

Metabolism and Hormonal Regulation

Analysis of livestock diseases has confirmed that nutrient deficiencies and unbalanced diets lead to various pathologies.

Based on the data presented, it can be concluded that metabolism is a complex biochemical and biophysical process regulated by various enzymes and hormones.

Over the past 30 years, scientific studies have identified certain hormones that limit animal growth and development. To counteract these hormones, anti-ligands have been developed and applied in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry.

For the past 4–7 years, studies conducted in Uzbekistan have confirmed the effectiveness of the “Miosta H®” drug. It has been recognized in biochemistry and pharmacology.

Ligands and Their Effect on Metabolism

Ligands are used to modulate metabolic processes. A ligand is a biochemical compound in which small molecules bind to cell receptors. This allows for effective influence on biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological processes in the body.

During metabolic processes, ghrelin, the hunger hormone, plays a key role. Ghrelin is produced in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates the production of growth hormone (GH) by interacting with GHSR receptors.

However, if ghrelin is not regulated, it can excessively influence metabolism, increasing appetite, reducing calorie and energy expenditure, and potentially leading to obesity.

The antimicrobial peptide LEAP-2 acts as a ghrelin antagonist, reducing its activity. The “Miosta H®” drug blocks

LEAP-2, thereby restoring normal ghrelin function.

Mechanism of Action of “Miosta H®”

“Miosta H®” synthesizes antibodies against the LEAP-2 peptide, eliminating its influence and restoring normal ghrelin activity.

The drug contains aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles bonded with LEAP-2 protein fragments. When injected into muscle tissue, it activates corresponding processes (Figure 2).

Conclusion

Studies have shown that the “Miosta H®” drug enhances the productivity of farm animals. It has already been successfully used in Samarkand, Bukhara, and Namangan regions.

Research results have confirmed its high efficiency and safety. “Miosta H®” can be used as a method for improving livestock products and enhancing metabolic efficiency.